Relative contribution of effects included in contemporary groups for adjusted and actual 120-day and 210-day weights in Nelore cattle in Brazil

The objective of this research was to estimate the relative magnitude of effects included in contemporary groups (CG) and their interactions with adjusted and actual 120 d and 210 d weights in 72, 731 male and female Nelore calves born from 1985 to 2005 in 40 herds from PMGRN (Genetic Improvement Program of Nelore). Ten models with different CG structures were compared. The analyses were done using the general linear models (GLM) procedure run in SAS software. All of the effects included in the CG for each model were significant (p < 0.001) for the four traits analyzed. Inclusion of semester or trimester of birth as part of a CG was more appropriate than its use as an independent effect in the model because it accounted for interactions with the other effects in the CG. Calf sex (CS) and dam age at calving (DAC) had similar effects across the models, which suggested independence from other effects in these models. The corresponding age deviation effect had a larger impact on actual weight at 120 d than any other effect in all of the models tested. The use of actual weights in models with no CS effect in CG provides an alternative that would allow better genetic connectedness among CGs and greater accuracy in genetic evaluations.

Genotype by environment interaction for 450-day weight of Nelore cattle analyzed by reaction norm models

Genotype by environment interactions (GEI) have attracted increasing attention in tropical breeding programs because of the variety of production systems involved. In this work, we assessed GEI in 450-day adjusted weight (W450) Nelore cattle from 366 Brazilian herds by comparing traditional univariate single-environment model analysis (UM) and random regression first order reaction norm models for six environmental variables: standard deviations of herd-year (RRMw) and herd-year-season-management (RRMw-m) groups for mean W450, standard deviations of herd-year (RRMg) and herd-year-season-management (RRMg-m) groups adjusted for 365-450 days weight gain (G450) averages, and two iterative algorithms using herd-year-season-management group solution estimates from a first RRMw-m and RRMg-m analysis (RRMITw-m and RRMITg-m, respectively). The RRM results showed similar tendencies in the variance components and heritability estimates along environmental gradient. Some of the variation among RRM estimates may have been related to the precision of the predictor and to correlations between environmental variables and the likely components of the weight trait. GEI, which was assessed by estimating the genetic correlation surfaces, had values < 0.5 between extreme environments in all models. Regression analyses showed that the correlation between the expected progeny differences for UM and the corresponding differences estimated by RRM was higher in intermediate and favorable environments than in unfavorable environments (p < 0.0001).

Mitochondrial DNA single nucleotide polymorphism associated with weight estimated breeding values in Nelore cattle (Bos indicus)

We sampled 119 Nelore cattle (Bos indicus), 69 harboring B. indicus mtDNA plus 50 carrying Bos taurus mtDNA, to estimate the frequencies of putative mtDNA single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and investigate their association with Nelore weight and scrotal circumference estimated breeding values (EBVs). The PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was used to detect polymorphisms in the mitochondrial asparagine, cysteine, glycine, leucine and proline transporter RNA (tRNA) genes (tRNAasn, tRNAcys, tRNAgly, tRNAleu and tRNApro). The 50 cattle carrying B. taurus mtDNA were monomorphic for all the tRNA gene SNPs analyzed, suggesting that they are specific to mtDNA from B. indicus cattle. No tRNAcys or tRNAgly polymorphisms were detected in any of the cattle but we did detect polymorphic SNPs in the tRNAasn, tRNAleu and tRNApro genes in the cattle harboring B. indicus mtDNA, with the same allele observed in the B. taurus sequence being present in the following percentage of cattle harboring B. indicus mtDNA: 72.46 percent for tRNAasn, 95.23 percent for tRNAleu and 90.62 percent for tRNApro. Analyses of variance using the tRNAasn SNP as the independent variable and EBVs as the dependent variable showed that the G -> T SNP was significantly associated (p < 0.05) with maternal EBVs for weight at 120 and 210 days (p < 0.05) and animal's EBVs for weight at 210, 365 and 455 days. There was no association of the tRNAasn SNP with the scrotal circumference EBVs. These results confirm that mtDNA can affect weight and that mtDNA polymorphisms can be a source of genetic variation for quantitative traits.

Expression of the CTCF gene in bovine oocytes and preimplantation embryos

The CCCTC - binding factor (CTCF) is a protein involved in repression, activation, hormone-inducible gene silencing, functional reading of imprinted genes and X-chromosome inactivation. We analyzed CTCF gene expression in bovine peripheral blood, oocytes and in different cellular stages (2-4 cells, 8-16 cells, 16-32 cells, morulae, and blastocysts) of in vitro fertilized embryos. This is the first report of CTCF expression in oocytes and preimplantation bovine embryos and has implications for the production of embryonic stem cells and the development of novel medical technologies for humans.

A deterministic simulation study of embryo marker-assisted selection for age at first calving in Nellore (Bos indicus) beef cattle

We used deterministic simulation of four alternative multiple ovulation and embryo manipulation (MOET) closed nucleus schemes to investigate the benefits of using marker-assisted selection (MAS) of Nellore (Bos indicus) beef cattle embryos prior to transplantation to reduce the age at first calving (AFC). We found that MAS resulted in increased genetic gain as compared to selection without AFC quantitative trait loci (AFC-QTL) information. With single-stage selection the genetic response (GR) increased as follows: GR = 0.68 percent when the AFC-QTL explained 0.02 of the AFC additive genetic variance (sigma2A); GR = 1.76 percent for AFC-QTL explaining 0.05 sigma2A; GR = 3.7 percent for AFC-QTL explaining 0.1 sigma2A; and GR = 55.76 percent for AFC-QTL explaining 0.95 sigma2A. At the same total selected proportion, two-stage selection resulted in less genetic gain than single stage MAS at two-years of age. A single stage selection responses of > 95 percent occurred with pre-selected proportions of 0.4 (0.1 sigma2A explained by AFC-QTL), 0.2 (0.3 sigma2A explained by AFC-QTL) and 0.1 (0.5 sigma2A explained by AFC-QTL), indicating that the combined use of MAS and pre-selection can substantially reduce the cost of keeping recipient heifers in MOET breeding schemes. When the number of recipients was kept constant, the benefit of increasing embryo production was greater for the QTL explaining a higher proportion of the additive genetic variance. However this advantage had a diminishing return especially for QTL explaining a small proportion of the additive genetic variance. Thus, marker assisted selection of embryos can be used to achieve increased genetic gain or a similar genetic response at reduced expense by decreasing the number of recipient cows and number of offspring raised to two-years of age.

Analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism in the kappa-casein gene related to weight expected progeny difference in Nellore cattle

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) has been detected at the bovine kappa-casein locus. The polymorphism has been analyzed for its effects in cattle production, mostly for milk traits and even for maternal effect on pre-weaning weights. We used polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) to genotype 408 Nellore animals for the non-silent mutation (Thr/Ile136 and Asp/Ala148) that characterizes the A and B variants of the polymorphism and compared expected progeny difference (EPD) for a maternal effect on 120 and 210 days weights and direct EPD for 120, 210, 450 and 550 day weight between AA and AB animals. The EPD values were obtained from the University of São Paulo (Brazil) Nellore Cattle Breeding Program, which evaluated 266,272 animals in 2001. Analysis of Variance was used to compare weight expected progeny differences (EPDs) between animals genotyped as AA and AB. The A allele frequency was 0.911. Although the AA animals had higher weight EPDs than AB animals the differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05).

Parâmetros genéticos para perímetro escrotal en la Raza Nelore / Genetics Parameters to scrotal circumference in Nellore Cattle / Parâmetros genéticos para perímetro escrotal na Raça Nelore

El perímetro escrotal (PE) es una característica útil cuando se desea seleccionar reproductores, considerando que tiene alta correlación entre la edad a la pubertad, concentración de espermatozoides y fertilidad, además de ser una característica de fácil obtención. En el presente trabajo se estimaron parámetros genéticos para PE a los 365, 450 y 550 días de edad. La estimación se realizó mediante Modelo Animal, utilizando el software MTDFREML, considerando modelos que incluyeron como efectos fijos los grupos de contemporáneos (constituidos por rodeo, época de nacimiento, año, sexo y régimen alimentario) y la clase de edad de la vaca al parto (<36, 36-47, 48-59, 60-71, 72-119 y >120 meses), y como aleatorios los efectos genéticos directo, de ambiente permanente de la vaca y el error residual. Los valores de heredabilidad que se hallaron son de 0,47, 0,49 y 0,44, para PE365, PE450 y PE550 respectivamente. Las correlaciones entre los perímetros fueron altas y positivas, siendo de 0,85 para PE365/ PE450, 0,72 en PE365/ PE550 y 0,90 para PE450/ PE550. El efecto de ambiente permanente fue del 5 por cento, por lo que su inclusión en los modelos de análisis se podría obviar.

Is the American Zebu really Bos indicus?

O continente americano foi colonizado no século XVI por europeus que fizeram as primeiras introduçöes de bovinos, de origem taurina. Os registros das primeiras importaçöes de Zebus para a América do Sul datam do século XIX e continuam até o século XX, constituídos na maioria por machos do subcontinente indiano. Neste artigo, demonstramos, através dos estudos de polimorfismos no DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA), uma participaçäo majoritária de matriarcas de origem taurina na formaçäo do Zebu PO americano (79 por cento dos animais analisados da raça Nelore, 73 por cento na Gir e 100 por cento na Brahman). Ainda, criamos um mapa de restriçäo com os polimorfismos descritos de três enzimas de restriçäo. Os resultados estäo discutidos em termos da origem do Zebu americano e da aplicaçäo deste conhecimento no estudo dos efeitos do genoma citoplasmático, nas características produtivas dos bovinos.

Environmental and genetic effects on length of lactation in a Brazilian tropical dairy breed

Foram analisados dados de 1.723 registros de 483 vacas da raça Pitangueiras. A raça Pitangueiras foi sintetisada pelo cruzamento de machos puros Red Poll (RP) com fêmeas 1/4 Red Poll x 3/4 Zebu, na área tropical úmidda da cidade de Pitangueiras, perto de Säo Paulo, Brasil. A duraçäo média da lactaçäo foi de 281 dias (variando de 100 a 390), com uma produçäo leiteira média de 2.835 kg. A análise de variância pelo método dos quadrados mínimos mostrou que os animais mais velhos tiveram lactaçöes mais prolongadas (de 17,2 a 50,7 dias), acima de média, o mesmo ocorrendo com os animais paridos na época seca (de 0,6 a 9,8 dias). A repetibilidade estimada pela correlaçäo intraclasse foi de 0,15 ñ 0,06. As herdabilidades para duraçäo da lactaçäo estimadas a partir das correlaçöes entre meio-irmäos paternos foram de 0,33 ñ 0,22 para a primeira lactaçäo, 0,34 ñ 0,25 para a segunda e 0,16 ñ 0,28 para a terceira. A estimativa global foi de 0,29